Transcendentalism and Theosophy were popular spiritual and philosophical movements that emerged in fringe circles during the nineteenth century and continued into the early twentieth century.
Transcendentalism, inspired by the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, emphasizes philosophical and intellectual exploration.
Theosophy, developed by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, focuses on the spiritual emancipation of the soul and the belief in reincarnation.












